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abundant number (4) A number in which the sum of
all its proper factors is greater than the number
itself.
Example: 12 is an abundant number because the
sum of its proper factors
is 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 = 16 and 16 is greater than 12.
acre (4) A unit of
area. A commonly used measure of land that can be
any shape provided it equals 43,560 square feet.
acute angle (4) An
angle greater than 0 degrees and less than 90
degrees. See
angle.
addition A
mathematical operation based on "putting things
together." Numbers being added are called addends;
the answer is called the sum. In 12 + 33 = 45, 12
and 33 are addends, and 45 is the sum. Subtraction
"undoes" addition: 12 + 33 = 45; 45 - 12 = 33, and
45 - 33 = 12.
algorithm (3) A set
of step-by-step instructions for doing something —
carrying out a computation, solving a problem, and
so on.
analog clock (1) A
clock that shows the time by the positions of the
hour and minute hands. A digital clock shows the
time as digits in hours and minutes, with a colon
separating the two. |
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angle
(1) A figure consisting of two rays with the same
endpoint. The endpoint is called the vertex of the
angle. An acute angle has a measure greater than 0°
and less than 90°. An obtuse angle has a measure-ment
greater than 90° and less than 180°. A right angle
has a measurement of 90°. A straight angle has a
measure of 180°. |
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angles, adjacent (4) Two angles with a common
side, the same vertex, and that do not overlap. In
the diagram, angles 1 and 2 are adjacent angles. So
are angles 2 and 3, angles 3 and 4, and angles 4 and
1.
angles, vertical (4)
Two angles with the same vertex, but no sides in
common. In the diagram, angles 2 and 4 are vertical
angles. They have the same vertex but no sides in
common. Their measures are equal. Similarly, angles
1 and 3 are vertical angles. |
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apex
(3) In a pyramid, the point at which all faces
except the base meet. |
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area (2) The measure of
the amount of surface inside a closed boundary. |
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array
(K) A rectangular arrangement of objects in rows and
columns. |
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attribute (K) A common feature (size, shape,
color, number of parts, and so on) of items in a
set.
average (mean) (3) A
typical or middle value for a set of numbers. It is
found by adding the numbers in the set and then
dividing the total by the number of values in the
set.
Example: 2, 4, 5, 9, 10 = 30; 30 ÷ 5 = 6;
The mean is 6. |
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bar
graph (1) A graph in which horizontal or
vertical bars represent data. |
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base
of a polygon (4) The side on which the polygon
"sits;" the side that is perpendicular to the height
of the polygon. |
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base
of a polyhedron (1) The "bottom" face of a
polyhedron; the face whose shape is the basis for
classifying a prism or pyramid. |
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capacity (3) A measure of how much liquid or
other pourable substance a container can hold.
Celsius (K) A scale
for temperature measurement where water freezes at
0° C and boils at 100° C.
centimeter (cm) (1)
In the metric system, a unit of length equivalent to
10 millimeters, of a decimeter, or of a meter.
chance (4) The
possibility of an outcome in an uncertain event.
Example: In tossing a coin there is an
equal chance of getting heads or tails. |
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circle
(4) The set of all points in a plane that are a
given distance (the radius) from a given point (the
center of the circle). |
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circle
pie graph (3) A graph that uses a circle divided
into parts to show the parts of a set of data. The
circle represents the whole set of data. |
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circumference (3) The distance around a circle
or sphere.
column (1) A
vertical arrangement of objects or numbers in an
array or table.
compass (4) a) A
device for drawing circles. b) A navigational device
that points to Earth's magnetic North Pole.
composite number (4)
A whole number that has more than two factors. A
composite number is divisible by at least three
whole numbers.
Example: 10 is a composite number because
it has more than
two factors: 1, 2, 5, and 10. |
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concave polygon (4) A polygon in which at least
one vertex is "pushed in". Also called nonconvex. |
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concentric circles (4) Circles that have the
same center but radii of different lengths. |
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cone
(1) A 3-dimensional shape having a circular base,
curved surface, and one vertex. |
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congruent (4) Two figures that are identical—the
same size and shape—are called congruent figures. If
you put one on top of the other, they would match
exactly. Congruent figures are also said to be
congruent to each other. |
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context (2) Setting;
what the numbers represent. Numbers nearly always
have a context, such as four pancakes or twelve
inches. Also called “units.” |
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convex
polygon (4) A polygon in which all vertices are
“pushed out.” |
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coordinate (3) A number
used to locate a point on a number line, or either
of two numbers used to locate points on a coordinate
grid. |
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coordinate grid (3) A device for locating points
in a plane by means of ordered number pairs or
coordinates. A rectangular coordinate grid is formed
by two number lines that intersect at right angles
at their 0 points. |
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counting on
(K) Adding by counting from a
specified number.
Example: 5 + 2 would sound like "5, 6, 7"
cube (1) A
polyhedron with six square faces.
cube a number (4)
The product of a number used as a factor three
times.
Example: The cube of 5 is 5 x 5 x 5, or 125.
Also written as 53.
cubic centimeter (cm3)
(4) A metric unit of volume; the volume of a cube 1
centimeter on a side. 1 cubic centimeter is equal to
1 milliliter.
cubic unit (3) A
unit used in volume and capacity measurement.
cubit (1) An ancient
unit of length, measured from the point of the elbow
to the end of the middle finger; between 18 and 22
inches.
customary system of
measurement (1) The measuring system used most
often in the United States. Units for linear measure
(length, distance) include inch, foot, yard, and
mile; units for weight include ounce and pound;
units for capacity (amount of liquid or other
pourable substance a container can hold) include
cup, pint, quart, and gallon. |
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cylinder (K) A 3-dimensional shape having a
curved surface and parallel circular bases that are
the same size. A can is a common object shaped like
a cylinder. |
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data
(1) Information gathered by observation,
questioning, or measurement.
deca- Prefix meaning
ten.
decimal A number
written in standard notation, usually one containing
a decimal point, as in 2.54.
decimal point (2)
The period which separates the whole number from the
fraction in decimal notation. In expressing money,
it separates the dollars from the cents.
decimeter (dm) (3)
In the metric system, a unit of length equivalent to
10 centimeters or of a meter.
deficient number (4)
A number in which the sum of all its proper factors
is less than the number.
Example: 10 is a deficient number because the
sum of its proper factors is 1 + 2 + 5 = 8 and 8 is
less than 10.
degree (°) (1) a) A
unit of measure for angles; based on dividing a
circle into 360 equal parts; b) A unit of measure
for temperature.
denominator (1) The
number of equal parts into which the whole (or ONE
or unit) is divided. In the fraction  ,
b is the denominator or the number written below the
line.
diagonal (1) An
arrangement of objects or numbers from upper left to
lower right or from lower left to upper right in an
array or table.
diameter (3) A line
segment that passes through the center of a circle
(or sphere) and has end-points on the circle (or
sphere); also, the length of such a line segment.
The diameter of a circle is twice its radius.
difference (1) The
amount by which one number is greater or less than
another.
digit (1) In the
base-10 numeration system, one of the symbols 0, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Digits can be used to write
any number.
Example: The numeral 145 is made up of the
digits 1, 4, and 5.
digital clock (1)
Clock that uses numbers only to show the time in
hours and minutes, with a colon used to separate
them.
dimension (4) A
measure in one direction, for example length or
width or height.
dividend (4) In
division, the total to be divided by the divisor.
See
division.
divisibility test
(4) A test to determine whether a whole number is
divisible by another whole number, without actually
doing the division. For example, to tell whether a
number is divisible by 3, check whether the sum of
its digits is divisible by 3.
Example: 51 is divisible by 3 since 5 + 1 =
6, and 6 is divisible by 3.
divisible by (4) One
whole number is divisible by another whole number if
the result of the division is a whole number with a
remainder of zero.
Example: 28 is divisible by 7, because 28
divided by 7 is 4 with a remainder of zero
division (2) A
mathematical operation based on "sharing" or
"separating into equal parts." The dividend
is the total before sharing. The divisor is
the number of equal parts or the number in each
equal part. The quotient is the result of
division. The remainder is the number left
over when a set of objects is shared equally or
separated into equal groups.
Example: In  =
4R1, 29 is the dividend, 7 is the divisor, 4 is the
quotient and the remainder is 1.
divisor (4) If a
number n is divisible by a number x, then x is a
divisor of n.
Example: 21 is divisible by 3, so 3 is a
divisor of 21.
doubles fact (1) The
addition and multiplication facts without
turn-around partners. A doubles fact names the sum
or product of a 1-digit number added to or
multiplied by itself.
Example: Addition: 4 + 4 = 8. Multiplication:
3 x 3 = 9 |
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endpoint (2) a) The point at either end of a
line segment. Endpoints are used to name line
segments. b) The point at the end of a ray.
Example: Segment TL or segment LT names a
line segment between and including points T and L.
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equidistant marks (1) Marks equally distant from
one to the next along a line segment.
equilateral triangle
(3) A triangle in which all three sides are the same
length.
equivalent fractions
(3) Fractions that have different numerators and
denominators but name the same number.
Example:  and  are
equivalent fractions.
equivalent names (1)
Different ways of naming the same number.
Example: 2 + 6, 4 + 4, 12 - 4, 18 - 10, 100 -
92, 5 + 1 + 2, eight, VIII, and |||| ||| are
some of the names for 8.
estimate (1) A
calculation of a close, rather than exact, answer; a
"ballpark" answer; a number close to another number.
even number (1) A
whole number such as 2, 4, 6, and so on that can be
evenly divided by 2 (divided by 2 with 0 remainder).
exponential notation
(4) A shorthand way of representing repeated
multiplication of the same number. In the example
below the small raised 3, called the exponent,
indicates how many times the number 2, called the
base, is used as a factor.
Example: 23 is exponential
notation for 2 x 2 x 2.
extended fact (3) A
number sentence obtained by multiplying numbers in a
basic fact by 10, 100, and so on. Knowing 5 + 8 = 13
makes it easy to find 50 + 80; knowing 6 x 7 = 42
makes it easy to find 6 x 70.
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face
(1) A flat surface on a 3-dimensional shape.
fact (basic fact)
(1) Any of the simple number sentences that are the
basis of all computation.
The basic addition facts are 0 + 0 = 0 through 10 +
10 = 20;
the basic subtraction facts are 0 - 0 = 0 through 20
- 10 = 10;
the basic multiplication facts are 0 x 0 = 0 through
10 x 10 = 100;
the basic division facts are 0 ÷ 1 = 0 through 100 ÷
10 = 10.
Turn-around facts are pairs of related facts
such as 3 x 5 = 15 and 5 x 3 = 15.
fact family (1) A
group of addition or multiplication facts together
with the related subtraction or division facts.
Example: 5 + 6 = 11, 6 + 5 = 11, 11 – 5 =
6, and 11 – 6 = 5 form a fact family;
5 x 7 = 35, 7 x 5 = 35, = 5, and = 7 form a fact
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fact
triangle (1) Triangular card labeled with the
numbers of a fact family for practice with
addition/subtraction and multiplication/ division
facts. The two one-digit numbers and their sum or
product (marked with an asterisk) appear in the
corners of the triangle. |
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factor
(verb) (2) To factor a given number is to find
the values that multiple together to give you the
original number.
Example: Factor 24
Possible answers: 6 x 4 = 24 3 x 8 = 24
1 x 24 = 24 2 x 3 x 4 = 24
factor (noun) (2)
Any numbers that are multiplied together. Factors
may be whole numbers, fractions, or decimals.
Example: 4, 3, and 2 are factors in 4 x 3 x 2
= 24; 0.5 and 25 are factors in 0.5 x 25 = 12.5; and
9 are factors in x 9 = 4 ; and -2 and -5 are factors
in - 2 x (-5) = 10.
factor pair (4) Two
factors of a number n whose product is the number n.
A number may have more than one factor pair.
Example: The factor pairs of 21 are 1 and
21 and 3 and 7. |
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factor
rainbow (4) A way of showing factor pairs in a
list of all the factors of a number. This can be
helpful in checking whether a list of factors is
correct. |
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factor
string (4) When a number is named by at least
two factors. In the example, the factor string has
three factors, so its length is 3. The number 1 may
not be used in a factor string.
Example: A factor string for the number 24 is
2 x 3 x 4.
Fahrenheit (1) The
temperature scale in which 32 degrees is the
temperature at which water freezes; 212° is the
temperature at which it boils.
fair (4) A coin or
die is said to be fair if, over a large number of
tosses, the results are consistent with the
predictions of probability. Heads and tails should
come up about equally often; the six sides of a die
should come up equally often.
foot (ft) (1) In the
U.S. customary system, a unit of length equivalent
to 12 inches or  of
a yard.
formula (4) A
general rule for finding the value of something. A
formula is often written in abbreviated form with
letters called variables.
Example: A formula for distance traveled can
be written as d = r * t, where the variable d stands
for distance, r for speed, and t for time.
fraction (1) A number
in the form or
a/b, where a and b are whole numbers and b is not 0.
Fractions are used to name part of a whole object,
part of a whole collection of objects, to compare
two quantities, or as the quotient of a divided by
b. |
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Frames
and Arrows (1) Diagrams to represent number
sequences—sets of numbers ordered according to a
rule. The dia-grams consist of frames in which num-bers
are written and arrows that apply the rules for
moving from one frame to another. |
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frequency (2) The
number of times an event or value occurs in a set of
data. |
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frieze pattern (4) A
design made by repeating one or more shapes along a
strip by reflections, rotations, and or translations
(slides). |
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fulcrum (1) The center
support of a pan balance or other lever. |
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function machine (1) A diagram of an imaginary
machine programmed to process numbers according to a
certain rule. A number is input into the machine and
is transformed into a second number (output) through
the application of a rule. |
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geometric solid
(4) A 3-dimensional shape
bounded by surfaces. Common geometric solids include
the rectangular prism, square pyramid, cylinder,
cone, and sphere. Despite its name, a geometric
solid is "hollow;" it does not include the points in
its interior.
girth (3) The measure
around an object. |
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height
of a parallelogram (4) The shortest distance
between the base and the side opposite the base.
height of a triangle
(4) The shortest distance between the base and the
vertex opposite the base.
hemisphere (4) Half
of a sphere. See sphere.
heptagon (1) A
7-sided polygon.
hexagon (1) A
6-sided polygon.
Home Link (K) A math
activity intended to provide follow-up and
enrichment at home. |
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image
(4) The reflection of a picture or object that you
see when you look through a transparent mirror. See
transparent mirror.
improper fraction
(4) A fraction that names a number greater than or
equal to 1. A fraction whose numerator is equal to
or greater than its denominator.
Example:  ,  ,  ,  are
improper fractions.
inch (in) (1) In the
U.S. customary system, a unit of length equivalent
to  of
a foot.
inequality (K) A
number sentence stating that two quantities are not
equal, or might not be equal. Relation symbols for
inequalities include:  (not
equal), < (less than), > (greater than),  (less
than or equal),  (greater
than or equal).
Example: 3 < 10; 2 + 5 4
+ 4
integer (4) Any
whole number or its opposite.
Example: -2, 2, 6, -100 are examples of
integers.
intersect (3) To meet
(at a point, line, and so on). |
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inscribed polygon (4) A polygon is said to be
inscribed in another figure if the vertices of the
polygon lie on the other figure. |
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irregular polygons (1) Polygons with sides of
different lengths.
isosceles triangle (4)
A triangle in which two of the three sides are the
same length.
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kite
(1) A quadrilateral with exactly two pairs of
adjacent congruent sides. (A rhombus is not a kite.) |
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latitude (4) A measure (in degrees) of how far
north or south of the equator a location is on
Earth; determined by circles of latitude parallel to
the equator.
line (3) The extension
of a line segment forever. |
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line
graph (3) A graph in which points used to
represent data are connected by a line or line
segments. |
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line
of reflection (mirror line)
(4) A line halfway
between a picture or object (pre-image) and its
reflected image. |
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line
of symmetry (2) A line through a symmetric
figure. Each point in one of the halves of the
figure is the same distance from this line as the
corresponding point in the other half. That is, a
line that divides a figure into two parts, with each
part the exact mirror image of the other. |
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line
plot (4) A sketch of data in which check marks,
X's, or other marks above a number line show the
frequency of each value. |
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line segment (1) A
straight path joining two points, called endpoints
of the line segment. A line segment can be any
length and is the shortest path between two points. |
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logic
grid (4) A grid of rows and columns used to
organize the information in a problem. |
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longitude (4) A measure (in degrees) of how far
east or west of the prime meridian a location is on
Earth; determined by semicircles of longitude
connecting the North Pole and the South Pole. |
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magnitude estimate (4) An estimate of whether a
solution is in the tens, hundreds, thousands, or
more.
map legend (4) A
diagram that explains the symbols, markings, and
colors on a map. Also called a map key. |
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map
scale (3) A rate that compares the distance
between two locations on a map with the actual
distance between them. The rate is often represented
by a labeled line segment, similar to a ruler. |
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mathematics (1) A study of relationships among
numbers, shapes, and patterns. Mathematics is used
to count and measure things, to discover
similarities and differences, to solve problems, and
to learn about and organize the world.
mean (average) (3) A
typical or middle value for a set of numbers. It is
found by adding the numbers in the set and then
dividing the total by the number of values in the
set.
Example: 2, 4, 5, 9, 10 = 30; 30 ÷ 5 = 6; The
mean is 6.
median (3) The
middle value in a set of data when the data are
listed in order from smallest to largest (or largest
to smallest). If there is an even number of data
points, the median is the mean of the two middle
values.
Example: 2, 3, 4, 6, 10 - the median is 4
because it is the middle value.
memory keys (2) The
[M+], [M-], and [MRC] calculator keys. The [M+] key
is used to add a number to the number stored in the
calculator's memory; the [M-] key is used to
subtract a number from the number in memory. The
[MRC] key, pressed once, displays the number
currently stored in memory; when the key is pressed
twice, the calculator's memory is cleared.
meridian bar (4) A
device on a globe that shows degrees north and south
of the equator.
meter (m) (1) In the
metric system, a unit of length equal to 10
decimeters, 100 centimeters, or 1000 millimeters.
metric system (1) A
measurement system based on the base-10 numeration
system and used in most countries in the world.
Units for linear measure (length, distance) include
millimeter, centimeter, meter, kilometer; units for
mass (weight) include gram and kilogram; units for
capacity (amount of liquid or other pourable
substance a container can hold) include milliliter
and liter.
middle value (1) The
number in the middle when a set of data is organized
in sequential order; also the median.
millimeter (mm) (3)
In the metric system, a unit of length equal to 1/10
of a centimeter or 1/1000 of a meter.
mixed number (4) A
number that has a whole number part and a fraction
part.
Example: 2
is equal to 2 +
.
mode (2) The value
or category that occurs most often in a set of data.
multiples (1)
Multiples of numbers are the product of that number
and whole numbers.
Example: 45 is a multiple of 5 because 45 = 5
x 9.
multiplication (2) An
operation used to find the total number of things in
several equal groups. Numbers being multiplied are
called factors. The result of multiplication is
called the product. In 5 x 12 = 60, 5 and 12 are
factors. 60 is the product. Division "undoes"
multiplication:  =
12 and  =
5.
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name-collection box
(1) A box-like diagram containing a number, used for
collecting equivalent names for that number. |
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negative number (1) A number less than (below)
0.
net score (4) The
final score of a turn or game after any operations
have been done.
Example: In the game of Factor Captor, your
first move is 29, your opponent's move is 1. You get
your net score, 28, by subtracting 1 from 29.
net weight (3) The
weight of the contents of a container without
including the weight of the container.
nonagon (3) A
nine-sided polygon.
number line (1) A
line on which points correspond to numbers.
number model (1) A
number sentence that shows how the parts of a number
story are related.
Example: 5 + 8 = 13; 27 - 11 = 16; 3 x 30 =
90;  =
7.
number sentence (1)
A sentence that is made up of numerals and a
relation symbol (=, <, >). Most number sentences
also contain at least one operation symbol (+, -, x,
÷).
number story (K)
Story problems; word problems that put numbers and
number relationships into a real world context.
numerator (1) The top
number in a fraction. The number of equal parts
being considered when a whole is divided into equal
parts. In the fraction,
a is the numerator.
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obtuse
angle (4) An angle greater than 90 degrees and
less than 180 degrees. |
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octagon (1) An eight-sided polygon.
odd number (2) A whole
number that is not evenly divided by 2, such as 1,
3, 5, and so on. When an odd number is divided by 2,
the remainder is 1. |
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opposite of a number (4) A number that is the
same distance from zero on the number line as the
given number, but on the opposite side of zero. |
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ordered pair (3) Two numbers in a specific order
used to locate a point on a coordinate grid. They
are usually written inside parentheses: (2,3). The
horizontal coordinate x is given first; the vertical
coordinate y is given second.
ordinal number (1) A
number used to express position or order in a
series, such as first, third, tenth. |
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origin
(1) The point where the x-axis and y-axis intersect
on a coordinate grid. |
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parallel lines (segments,
rays) (1) Lines (segments, rays) that are the
same distance apart, no matter how far extended, and
that never meet. |
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parallelogram (1) A quadrilateral that has two
pairs of parallel sides and opposite sides of equal
lengths. |
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pattern (K) An arrangement of objects so one can
predict what will come next if the arrangement is
continued, such as head, toe, head, toe,________ or
blue, red, red, blue, red,________.
pentagon (1) A
5-sided polygon.
percent (%) (2) Per
hundred, or out of a hundred. 1% means or 0.01; 15%
means or 0.15.
Example: “48% of the students in the school
are boys" means that out of every 100 students in
the school, 48 are boys.
perfect number (4) A
number in which the sum of all its proper factors is
equal to the number itself.
Example: 6 is a perfect number because when
you add its proper factors the answer is equal to 6:
1 + 2 + 3 = 6.
perimeter (2) The
distance around a two-dimensional shape. |
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perpendicular (4) Two rays, lines, or line
segments that form right angles are said to be
perpendicular to each other. |
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pie (circle) graph (3)
A graph that uses a circle divided into parts to
show the parts of a set of data. The circle
represents the whole set of data. |
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place
value (1) The value of a digit in a number is
determined by its position. Each place has a value
ten times that of the place to its right and
one-tenth the value of the place to its left. |
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plane
(3) A flat surface that extends forever.
point (1) An exact
location in space. A point has no size. Points are
usually shown as a dot labeled by a capital letter. |
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polygon (1) A closed two-dimensional figure
consisting of line segments (sides) connected
endpoint to endpoint. |
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polyhedra dice (1) A
three-dimensional solid with varying numbers of
faces (i.e., 4, 6, 10, 20). Used in Everyday
Mathematics to generate numbers for games. |
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polyhedron (1) A 3-dimensional shape, whose
surfaces (faces) are all flat. Each face consists of
a polygon and the interior of the polygon. |
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pound
(lb.) (1) In the U.S. customary system, a unit
of weight that is equivalent to 16 ounces.
power (3) A product
of factors that are all the same. 5 x 5 x 5 (or 125)
is called 5 to the third power, or the third power
of 5, because 5 is a factor three times. 5 x 5 x 5
can also be written as 53.
powers of 10 (4)
Written in exponential notation, the exponent shows
how many times 10 is a factor.
Example: 100 is equal to 10 x 10 or 102
(exponential notation). 100 is called ten squared,
the second power of 10, or 10 to the second power.
precision (of a scale)
(3) Accuracy. The smaller the unit, or fraction of a
unit used, the more precise the scale.
prime factorization
(4) The longest factor string for a number. It is
made up of prime numbers only.
Example: The prime factorization of 24 is 2 x
2 x 2 x 3.
prime number (3) A
whole number greater than 1 that has exactly two
whole-number factors, 1 and itself. A prime number
is only divisible by 1 and itself. The first five
prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, and 11. See also
composite number.
Example: 7 is a prime number because its
only factors are 1 and 7 |
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prism
(K) A polyhedron with two parallel faces (called
bases) that are the same size and shape. Prisms are
classified according to the shape of the two
parallel bases. The faces (sides) of a prism are
always parallelograms, and often rectangles. |
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probability A number from 0 to 1 that indicates
the likelihood that something (an event) will
happen. The closer a probability is to 1, the more
likely it is that an event will happen. An event
with a probability of 0 is impossible. An event with
a probability of 1 is a certainty.
product (2) The
result of doing multiplication. In the number model
"4 x 3 = 12," 12 is the product.
proper factor (4)
All the factors of a number except the number
itself.
Example: The factors for the number 10 are
1, 2, 5 and 10. The proper
factors are 1, 2, and 5. |
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protractor (4) A device for measuring or drawing
angles. The vertex of the angle should be at the
center of the protractor and one side of the angle
along the base line of the protractor. |
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pyramid (1) A polyhedron in which one face (the
base) is a polygon and the other faces are formed by
triangles with a common vertex (the apex). A pyramid
is classified according to the shape of its base. |
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quadrangle or quadrilateral (1) A polygon with
four sides.
quadruple (2) Four
times an amount.
quotient (2) The
result after dividing one number by another number;
the number of equal shares. In the division number
model "11 ÷ 5 = 2 r1," 2 is the quotient.
quadrillion (4) A
digit(s) followed by 15 whole-number places.
Quadrillion written in number form is
1,000,000,000,000,000 or in exponential form 1015. |
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radius
(4) A line segment from the center of a circle (or
sphere) to any point on the circle (or sphere);
also, the length of such a line segment. |
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random
number (3) A number that has the same chance of
appearing as any other number.
range (1) The
difference between the maximum and the minimum in a
set of data.
rate (3) A
comparison of two quantities with unlike units.
Example: A speed such as 55 miles per hour
compares distance with time.
rational number (4) Any
number that can be represented in form ,
where a and b are integers and b is not 0. |
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ray
(3) A straight path that extends infinitely from a
point, called its endpoint. A ray is named by its
endpoint and another point on the ray. |
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rectangle (1) A parallelogram with four right
angles.
rectangular prism
(1) A prism whose faces are all rectangles.
rectangular pyramid
(1) A pyramid, the base of which is a rectangle.
reflection (4)
"Flipping" a picture or object so that its image is
the mirror opposite of the original. |
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reflex
angle (4) An angle whose measure is between 180°
and 360°. |
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regular polygon (1) A
convex polygon in which all sides are the same
length and all angles are the same size. |
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regular polyhedron (1) A polyhedron with all
faces the same shape and same size. There are five
regular polyhedrons:
tetrahedron: 4 faces, each formed by an
equilateral triangle
cube: 6 faces, each formed by a square.
octahedron: 8 faces, each formed by an
equilateral triangle.
dodecahedron: 12 faces, each formed by a
regular pentagon
icosahedron: 20 faces, each formed by an
equilateral triangle. |
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remainder (2) The
amount left over when things are divided into equal
shares. In the division number model "16 ÷ 3 = 5 r1"
the remainder is 1. |
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rhombus (K) A parallelogram whose sides are all
the same length. |
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right
triangle (1) A triangle that has a 90° (right)
angle. |
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rotation (3) A turn around a center point or
axis.
rote counting (K)
Reciting numbers in order from memory.
rounding (1)
Replacing a number with a nearby number that is
easier to work with or better reflects the precision
of the data.
Example: 12,964 rounded to the nearest
thousand is 13,000.
row (1) A horizontal
arrangement of objects or numbers in an array or
table. |
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scale
drawing (4) An accurate picture of an object in
which all parts are drawn to the same scale. If an
actual object measured 33 yards by 22 yards, a scale
drawing of it might measure 33 millimeters by 22
millimeters.
scale factor (3) A
number that names "how many times as many?" or "what
fraction of?" one quantity is of another quantity.
scalene triangle (4)
A triangle in which no sides are the same length.
scientific notation
(4) A system for representing numbers in which a
number is written as the product of a power of 10
and a number that is at least 1 but less than 10.
Scientific notation allows writing big and small
numbers with only a few symbols.
Example: 4,000,000 in scientific notation is
4 x 106.
0.00001 in scientific notation is 1 x 10-6
scroll (1) A roll of
paper with words and/or pictures written on it.
semicircle (2) Half
of a circle; either of two parts of a circle between
(and including) the endpoints of a diameter.
significant figures
(4) In a count or measurement, digits that reflect
the precision of the result: How reliable is the
result? How much variation might there be if the
count or measurement were repeated? How closely can
the measuring instrument measure the object?
Significant figures are usually non-zero digits, or
0 when it is between non-zero digits. The distance
from the Earth to the Sun is 93,000,000 miles, with
two significant digits.
similar figures (3)
Figures that have the same shape but are not
necessarily the same size.
skip counting (K)
Counting by a specified added amount from a
specified starting number For example, skip counting
by 2’s from 2, would be 2, 4, 6, 8. . . Skip
counting by 10’s from 23 would be 23, 33, 43, 53. .
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sphere
(1) The set of all points in space that are a given
distance (the radius of the sphere) from a given
point (the center of the sphere). A ball is shaped
like a sphere, as is the Earth. A hemisphere
is "half of a sphere;" that is, either of the two
parts into which the sphere is divided by its
equator (or by any circle on the sphere with its
center at the center of the sphere). |
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square
array (4) A rectangular array with the same
number of rows as columns. |
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square
number (2) A number that is the product of a
whole number multiplied by itself; a whole number to
the second power. 25 is a square number, because 25
= 5 x 5. A square number can be represented by a
square array.
Example: 352 = 35 x 35 = 1225. |
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square
pyramid (4) A geometric solid consisting of a
square base and triangular faces that meet at an
apex (point). |
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square
root of a number (4) The square root of a number
n is a number which, when multiplied by itself,
results in the number n.
Example: 4 is a square root of 16, because 4
x 4 = 16.
The other square root of 16 is -4 because - 4 x (-4)
= 16.
square unit (2) A
unit used in area measurement.
standard notation
(4) The most familiar way of representing whole
numbers, integers, and decimals by writing digits in
specified places.
standard unit (1) A
uniform unit of measure.
subtraction (1) A
mathematical operation based on "taking away" or
comparing. The number being subtracted is called the
subtrahend; the number it is subtracted from
is called the minuend; the result of
subtraction is called the difference. In 45 -
12 = 33, 45 is the minuend, 12 is the subtrahend,
and 33 is the difference. Addition "undoes"
subtraction. 45 - 12 = 33 and 45 = 12 + 33.
sum (1) The result
of adding two or more numbers.
symmetry (1) A figure
that when divided into two parts has each part the
exact mirror image of the other part.
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tally mark (K) Marks
used to keep track of data (|||| |||). |
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tangent (4) Intersecting at exactly one point. |
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template (1) A pattern used as a guide in making
something accurately.
tessellation (4) An
arrangement of closed shapes that covers a surface
completely without overlaps or gaps.
tetrahedron (2) A
polyhedron with four faces.
three dimensional (3-D)
(1) Objects with thickness as well as length and
width.
tiling (3) Covering a
surface with uniform shapes so there are no gaps or
overlaps, except possibly gaps around the edges. |
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translation (slide) (4) The motion of an object
or picture along a straight line. |
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transparent mirror (4) A mirror with a front and
back face that has a recessed edge used for drawing
lines of symmetry. |
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trapezoid (K) A quadrilateral that has exactly
one pair of parallel sides. No two sides need be the
same length. |
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triangle (1) A polygon
with three sides. |
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triangular prism (1) A prism whose base is a
triangle. |
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trillion (4) A digit(s) followed by 12
whole-number places. One trillion written in number
form is 1,000,000,000,000 or in exponential form 1012.
triple (2) Three
times an amount.
turn-around facts
(1) A pair of facts in which the order of the
addends or the factors is reversed. If a fact is
known, its turn-around is also known.
Example: 3 + 5 = 8 and 5 + 3 = 8 or 3 x 9 =
27 and 9 x 3 = 27.
turn (3) Rotation.
twin primes (4) Two
prime numbers that are separated by just one
composite number.
Example: 3 and 5 are twin primes, because
they are separated by the composite number 4.
two-dimensional (2-D)
(1) Objects completely within a flat surface;
objects with length and width, but no thickness. |
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unit
(1) A label, descriptive word, or unit of
measure used to put a number in context. Using a
unit with a number reinforces the idea that numbers
refer to something.
Example: Fingers, snowballs, miles, and cents
are examples of units.
unit box
(1) Rectangular box displayed alongside a set of numbers or problems. It
contains the unit or label for the numbers in use.
unit fraction (4) A
fraction that names one of the equal parts of the
whole. The numerator is always 1.
Example: , ,  |
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variable (4) A letter
or other symbol that represents a number. |
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vertex
(corner) (1) The point at which the rays of an
angle, or the edges of a polyhedron meet. |
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volume (3) The measure
of the amount of space a 3-dimensional shape takes
up.
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whole
(4) The entire object, collection of objects, or
quantity being considered; the ONE, the unit, 100%.
yard (yd) (1) In the
U.S. customary system, a unit of length equivalent
to 3 feet or 36 inches.
zone (3) A group of
locations, usually determined by distances, for
which a uniform rate is charged by a delivery or
transportation system. |
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